A Descriptive Review on Nicotine and Diacetyl Content in Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (Ends) and Hookah, Nicotine Exposure to the Tertiary Smokers, and Its Association with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Chin, Yong Fong (2021) A Descriptive Review on Nicotine and Diacetyl Content in Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (Ends) and Hookah, Nicotine Exposure to the Tertiary Smokers, and Its Association with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Final Year Project (Bachelor), Tunku Abdul Rahman University College.

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Abstract

Tobacco smoking has been a prevalent habit worldwide. Currently, Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) and Hookah are both the trending fashion of smoking, especially among the youngsters. The public has erroneous perceptions about the relative safety of ENDS and Hookah, such that the ENDS smokers believe that ENDS smoking causes exposure to lesser or no nicotine content, while Hookah smokers generally own the mindset that water in the Hookah apparatus filter off the nicotine content in Hookah and thus Hookah smoking is harmless. This study investigated the content of nicotine available in electronic cigarettes liquids and Hookah water, subsequently, compare the nicotine content in ENDS and Hookah with a conventional cigarette. Smokers replacing their conventional cigarettes with ENDS with lower nicotine concentrations were exposed to lower nicotine concentration and this may be helpful in their nicotine cessation progress, while smokers consuming e-cigarettes at higher concentrations were exposed to greater nicotine content than the conventional cigarettes smokers. Diacetyl was found in both ENDS and Hookah, with the higher concentration of diacetyl in e-liquids possible to cause harmful effects to human health. After that, the deposition of thirdhand smoke, namely nicotine on the indoor surface and air was associated with the frequency of smoking in the indoor space, such that the more frequent the smokers smoked in the indoor environment, the greater the nicotine concentration on the surface and air of the space. Lastly, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) was caused by the abnormalities that arose from the small airway of the lung, and smoking cessation is the only evidence-based method that can enhance COPD prognosis.