In-Vitro Antifungal Effect of Hydroalcoholic Plant Extracts Against Fusarium Oxysporum

Tang, John Zi Sheng (2023) In-Vitro Antifungal Effect of Hydroalcoholic Plant Extracts Against Fusarium Oxysporum. Final Year Project (Bachelor), Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology.

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Abstract

The in-vitro antifungal effect of durian (Durio zibethinus), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and rollinia (Rollinia mucosa) leaf hydroalcoholic extracts (DLE, GLE, and RLE, respectively) against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), the pathogenic agent of Panama disease, was investigated. Pseudostem of Foc-infected plants were obtained from Teluk Intan, Perak, where Fusarium sp. was successfully isolated. The preliminary identification of the fungus was determined via macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Leaf samples of durian, ginger, and rollinia plants were obtained from Manchis, Bentong, dried, ground, and subjected to extraction using ethanol. The plant extracts obtained were then used for suppression screening at various concentrations conducted in triplicate for five days using various techniques, i.e., the disc-diffusion technique, agar well-diffusion technique, and poison agar technique. Radial growth of Foc was measured, including control treatments, for the calculation of percent inhibition of radial growth (PIRG). Commercial fungicides (copper hydroxide, mancozeb, and hexaconazole) were used as positive controls. Neither the extracts, fungicides, nor DMSO exhibited inhibition of mycelial growth in both disc- and well-diffusion. Mancozeb exhibited the greatest inhibition of mycelial growth, with an average PIRG of 62.028%, while hexaconazole exhibited a lower average PIRG of 32.034%. No inhibition was observed in the poison agar technique with 3300 ppm copper hydroxide, but enhanced growth of the fungal pathogen by an average of 9.958% PRGP (percent radial growth promotion). Inhibitions were observed in the poison agar technique with 1000 ppm DLE, with an average PIRG of 17.923%. Minimal inhibition was recorded for GLE, with an average PIRG of 2.538% at 2000 ppm. In contrast, RLE did not show any inhibition but enhanced the growth of the fungal pathogen by an average PRGP of 17.923%, 15.385%, and 14.077% at concentrations of 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, and 2000 ppm, respectively. Based on the in-vitro test, the crude DLE at a concentration of 1000 ppm was the most effective among the other concentrations of plant extracts involved in this study. Foam, Salkowski’s, Mayer’s, and NaOH tests were performed to qualify phytochemicals in RLE and GLE, indicating the presence of phytosterols, terpenoids, and saponin. DLE lacked phytosterols, terpenoids, and saponin, as well as coumarin and alkaloid in all three ethanol extracts. Identification and quantification of active compounds suppressing the Foc could be conducted in future research.