Encapsulation of Red Palm Oil by Complex Coacervation of Chitosan and Kappa-Carrageenan

Wong, Wincan (2023) Encapsulation of Red Palm Oil by Complex Coacervation of Chitosan and Kappa-Carrageenan. Final Year Project (Bachelor), Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology.

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Abstract

Red palm oil (RPO) is one of the richest sources of carotenoids, which exhibit nutritional properties. However, RPO is sensitive towards oxidation leading to the degradation of nutritive value. This study aims to encapsulate RPO using complex coacervation with chitosan and kappa-carrageenan (k-carrageenan), followed by freeze drying, so to protect the bioactive compounds of RPO, allowing its use to enrich nutrient or pigment in food formulations. The effect of wall materials concentration (1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%, w/w) and ratio of core material to wall material (0.75:1, 1:1 and 1.25:1, v/w) on the yield, water activity (aw), moisture content (MC), solubility, total carotenoid content (TCC), encapsulation efficiency (EE), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS) free radical scavenging activities] of the encapsulated RPO powder were evaluated. The wall material was comprised of 1:1 ratio (w/w) of chitosan and k-carrageenan. Pearson correlation coefficient was then used to examine the relationship between the antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS with the TCC and TPC of encapsulated RPO. The result showed that the wall materials concentration significantly (p < 0.05) affected the yield, aw, MC, solubility, TCC, EE, TPC, DPPH, and ABTS; while the ratio of core material to wall material significantly (p < 0.05) affected the aw, MC, solubility, TCC, EE, TPC, DPPH, and ABTS. The optimal wall material concentration and ratio of core material to wall material for encapsulation of RPO was identified at 1.5% (w/w) and 1.25:1 (v/w), respectively, which contributed to the high yield of 90.21 ± 0.33% and the significantly highest TCC of 3566.32 ± 43.42 mg BCE/100 g DW, EE of 36.27 ± 1.8%, TPC of 324.76 ± 11.01 mg GAE/100 g DW, DPPH of 328.30 ± 12.58 mg AAE/100 g DW, and ABTS of 1133.83 ± 38.83 mg TE/100 g DW with p < 0.05 among the encapsulated RPO powder. The bioactive compounds of TCC were positively correlated with antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS). Chitosan and k-carrageenan have been shown to have potential for use as a wall material in encapsulation of RPO by complex coacervation method. Keywords: Encapsulation, red palm oil, chitosan, k-carrageenan, antioxidant