The Relationship between Time Structure and Academic Performance (CGPA) among University Students in Malaysia

Yap, Zi Ning and Ooi, Chia Sin The Relationship between Time Structure and Academic Performance (CGPA) among University Students in Malaysia. Time Structure and Academic Performance. (Unpublished)

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Abstract

This study aimed to examine the relationship between time structure and academic performance (CGPA), and to explore the gender differences in time structure among university students in Malaysia. Employing a quantitative correlational research design, data were collected from 148 participants (64 males, 84 females) who completed the Time Structure Questionnaire (TSQ) and reported their current CGPA, at one point of time through Google form. Since the data were not normally distributed, Spearman’s rho analysis was conducted to assess the strength and direction of the monotonic relationship between time structure and academic performance (CGPA). The results revealed that there is a significant relationship between time structure and academic performance among university students (rs = .41, p = .00). Besides, the Mann Whitney U was used to analyse the gender differences in time structure between male and female students. The results also showed that there is a significant difference in time structure between male (Mean Rank = 60.93) and female (Mean Rank = 84.84) students, Mann-Whitney U = 1819.50, p < .05, indicating that female students reported significantly higher time structure than male students. These findings suggest that fostering structured time management may enhance academic performance and highlight the importance of considering gender-specific strategies when developing time management interventions among university students in Malaysia. Keywords: time structure, academic performance, university students