Antibacterial and Antivirulence Effects of Antioxidant-Rich Mangrove-Derived Wood Vinegar Distillate Against Porphyromonas Gingivalis

Lai, Jillian Wern Ern (2025) Antibacterial and Antivirulence Effects of Antioxidant-Rich Mangrove-Derived Wood Vinegar Distillate Against Porphyromonas Gingivalis. Final Year Project (Bachelor), Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology.

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Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance remains a major concern in healthcare and is becoming increasingly difficult to combat. Porphyromonas gingivalis, the keystone pathogen in periodontitis, is demonstrating resistance to antibiotics. P. gingivalis is currently linked to many systemic diseases such as cardiovascular, neurological and chronic inflammatory ailments, emphasising the need for alternative antibacterial therapies. The main objective of this project was to determine the antibacterial and antivirulence effects of antioxidant-rich wood vinegar distillate (WVD) on P. gingivalis. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays were conducted to compare WVD-Kaffir lime essential oil (KEO) emulsion and free WVD at concentrations 10% (v/v) to 50% (v/v). WVD was found to possess better radical scavenging activities than the emulsion. Free WVD was thus used for the subsequent antibacterial assay against P. gingivalis in which the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of WVD was determined by broth microdilution assay to be 10% (v/v). The antivirulence assay was performed against P. gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD). It was found that this extract was able to inhibit PPAD activity by 47.2% and 42.3% when tested at concentrations 10% (v/v) and 20% (v/v), respectively. In view of that, further studies should be carried out to optimise WVD formulations and to validate its therapeutic effects against P. gingivalis. Keywords: Porphyromonas gingivalis; Wood Vinegar; Antioxidants; Antibacterial; Antivirulence