A Green and Sustainable Analytical Approach to Acid-Base Titration : Evaluating Compatibility of Small-Scale Setup, Portable Kit and Virtual Simulation with Real Life Experimental Contexts

Sri Vickneswaran, Ashyritaa (2026) A Green and Sustainable Analytical Approach to Acid-Base Titration : Evaluating Compatibility of Small-Scale Setup, Portable Kit and Virtual Simulation with Real Life Experimental Contexts. Final Year Project (Bachelor), Tunku Abdul Rahman of Management and Technology.

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Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the compatibility and precision of small-scale acid–base titration compared with a portable titration kit and a virtual simulator. This work was carried out in the context of green chemistry education with the intention of demonstrating how small-scale approaches can support sustainable and effective chemistry learning by achieving the 12th SDG. The study employed a comparative design using conventional titration, small-scale titration, a portable strong acid–strong base portable kit, and an acid–base titration virtual simulator. Titration using standard solutions of chemicals like acetic acid and ammonia solution and as well as real samples such as vinegar and baking soda, was analysed. Both chemical indicators, such as phenolphthalein, methyl orange, and natural indicators like hibiscus extract, turmeric solutions, were tested. Data were evaluated based on %RSD at each titration volume to assess precision and reproducibility across different approaches. The findings showed that the %RSD values increased as titration volumes decreased, indicating reduced precision at the small-scale. Even though small-scale approaches demonstrated higher variability at very low volumes, the results were still precise. The portable kit minimized waste and chemical hazards, while the virtual simulator provided an engaging, safe, and cost-effective learning experience, though it lacked the development of hands-on skills. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that small-scale titration is a viable and sustainable alternative to conventional titration, especially when combined with portable kits and virtual simulations. These findings support the integration of small-scale chemistry into green chemistry frameworks, offering both educational and environmental benefits.