GC-MS Based Metabolite Profiling of Hanguana Malayana Extract and Its Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity

Salamuthu, Jeyasri (2026) GC-MS Based Metabolite Profiling of Hanguana Malayana Extract and Its Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity. Final Year Project (Bachelor), Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology.

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Abstract

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme that accelerates the oxidative metabolism of purines, leading to uric acid. Overactivity of XO promotes elevation of uric acid levels, which are directly linked to hyperuricemia and other oxidative stress-related diseases. The prevalent prescription of conventional XO inhibitors, such as allopurinol may lead to negative effects, triggering the needs of safer and plant-derived alternatives. The present investigation aims to identify the phytochemical constituent of Hanguana malayana plant extract using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) followed by assessment of its enzyme inhibitory potential. Furthermore, the extract was further tested for total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), which showed that it contained phytochemicals that are linked to antioxidant activity. At 500 ppm, the soxhlet extract achieved a TPC value of 65.2920 ± 3.21 mg GAE/g, while the maceration extract achieved a value of 53.6140 ± 6.23 mg GAE/g. For TFC, the soxhlet extract produced a maximum of 128.0700 ± 8.23 mg CE/g, whereas the maceration extract achieved a maximum of 95.8000 ± 7.099 mg CE/g at 500 ppm. In addition, xanthine oxidase inhibition activity revealed that the extract demonstrated concentration-dependent action, with IC₅₀ values of 558.3 ppm for the soxhlet extract and 301.8 ppm for the maceration extract, in contrast to the standard inhibitor allopurinol (IC₅₀ = 3.227 ppm). GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and fatty acid derivatives among the metabolites. Key compounds such as 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester (Z,Z,Z)-, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Furan, 2-(1-pentenyl)-(E)-, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, and Phenol, 2-propyl- are contributed to the inhibition of the xanthine oxidase enzyme. Overall, these findings indicate that Hanguana malayana may contain XO inhibitors that could be used to develop plant-based hyperuricemia drugs.