Effect of Time and Temperature on Ultrasound-Assisted and Water Bath Extraction of Antioxidant Properties from Snake Fruit (Salacca Zalacca) Peel Extract

Kong, Wei Qi (2026) Effect of Time and Temperature on Ultrasound-Assisted and Water Bath Extraction of Antioxidant Properties from Snake Fruit (Salacca Zalacca) Peel Extract. Final Year Project (Bachelor), Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology.

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Abstract

Snake fruit (Salacca zalacca) peel, a nutrient-rich by-product, often discarded as waste was investigated as a source of antioxidants. This study compared the efficiency of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to conventional water bath extraction for isolating antioxidants from snake fruit peel and determined the optimal extraction parameters to maximize yield. The effects of extraction temperature and time on the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS radical scavenging assays, as well as ferric reducing power (FRAP) were investigated. UAE was compared to conventional water bath extraction method using distilled water as the solvent at different temperature (30 °C, 40 °C, and 50°C) and times (10, 20, and 30 minutes). The lowest extraction yield (78.02%) was observed at 40 °C and 30 minutes. Results indicated that increasing both temperature and time during UAE significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) the TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity of the extracts. An optimal UAE condition of 50°C and 30 minutes was identified, yielding the highest phenolic content (96.56 ± 4.200 mg GAE/100g), DPPH (100.56 ± 2.059 mg AAE/100 g) and FRAP (841.82 ± 35.453 μM Fe2+/g). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that UAE significantly enhances the recovery of antioxidant compounds from snake fruit peel. It represents a highly efficient and sustainable method for valorizing fruit waste. The enhanced recovery achieved through different extraction conditions facilitates the obtaining of potent antioxidants, offering a viable strategy for utilizing agricultural by-products.