3D Printing of Hydroxyapatite Derived from Bio-Waste

Wang, Gabrial Cheng Ming (2026) 3D Printing of Hydroxyapatite Derived from Bio-Waste. Final Year Project (Diploma), Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology.

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Abstract

This study offers a sustainable method for creating bioglass-doped hydroxyapatite (HA) using additive manufacturing and bio-waste. Calcined chicken bones were used to create hydroxyapatite, and high-temperature processing was used to create 45S5 bioglass from rice husk (SiO₂), eggshells (CaO), sodium carbonate, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. Ball milling was used to create a composite powder with 99.5 weight percent HA and 0.5 weight percent bioglass. Using a screw-assisted fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printer, the printed feedstock was created by compounding the blended powders with paraffin wax, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and stearic acid. The feedstock was then extruded into cylindrical samples. The printed parts underwent solvent debinding in heptane, followed by thermal debinding and sintering at 1250 °C and 1350 °C. The preservation of functional groups was verified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Archimedes' principle was used to assess bulk density. The outcomes show that HA-based bioceramics were successfully fabricated and have the potential to be used in biomedical applications. This work promotes sustainability in materials engineering by proving that it is feasible to turn food and agricultural waste into useful biomedical materials. Additionally, it confirms that FDM-based 3D printing is a practical method for creating personalised ceramic parts for bone tissue engineering