Synthesis and Characterisation of Hydroxyapatite from Bio-wastes for Biomedical Applications

Teoh, Min Wei (2021) Synthesis and Characterisation of Hydroxyapatite from Bio-wastes for Biomedical Applications. Final Year Project (Bachelor), Tunku Abdul Rahman University College.

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Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is considered the most suitable biomaterial owing to its excellent biocompatibility, high resemblance to natural bone and high wear and corrosion resistance similar to the synthetic biomaterials since metallic biomaterials have high tendency to corrode in the human body whereas polymeric and other ceramic biomaterials will have wear problem due to low wear resistance. Calcination and chemical precipitation with biomimetic synthesis were chosen to synthesise HA from the chicken bones and orange peels as green template respectively. On the other hand, pectin is extracted via microwave irradiation method from the orange peels. The HA synthesised from the chicken bones and orange peel as green template as well as the HA added with pectin and the pure pectin were characterised through FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared), SEM (scanning electron microscopy) with EDX (energy dispersive spectroscopy), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Vickers microhardness tests and bulk and relative density measurement. Shrinkage percentage in terms of diameter and thickness were calculated to determine the porosity of the HA. FTIR spectra depicted all the related characteristic peaks in HA samples and pectin, SEM illustrated the differences in surface morphology between the HA powder and sintered pellets which there was grain growth and more interconnected but porous structure in HA, with the orange peel HA had smaller grain size compared to others. EDX showed the Ca/P ration of HA powder were higher than their respective pellets and the presence of trace elements Mg, Na, Sr, Si and Zn which were considered beneficial for the biocompatibility of HA as implants. Vickers microhardness tests and bulk and relative density measurements depicted higher values in those HA added with pectin compared to HA without pectin. Regardless of that, HA synthesised from chicken bones and orange peels as green template as well as chicken bone-synthesised HA added with orange peel-synthesised pectin are suitable to be used for biomedical applications as implants.