Effect of Doping Calcium Oxide Extracted from Clamshell on Hydroxyapatite Derived from Chicken Bone Food Waste

Tan, Ser Lee (2024) Effect of Doping Calcium Oxide Extracted from Clamshell on Hydroxyapatite Derived from Chicken Bone Food Waste. Final Year Project (Bachelor), Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology.

Text TAN SER LEE_Full Text.pdf Restricted to Registered users only Download (43MB)

Abstract

This study investigated the synthesis of calcium oxide (CaO) from clamshells (Meretrix Meretrix) and hydroxyapatite (HA) from chicken bones using the calcination method. Additionally, it studied and investigated the properties of biogenic HA and the CaO-doped HA. As alternatives to autografts and allografts, which face issues like donor shortage and disease transmission, synthetic bioceramics such as HA are increasingly crucial for bone replacement. HA is noted for its bioactivity which allows it to bond chemically with bone tissue, but it suffers from limitations in mechanical properties and morphology. The study detailed the entire preparation sequence from raw material processing to final product testing, covering steps such as cleaning, drying, calcining, ball milling, fabrication of samples through hydraulic pressing (followed by cold isostatic pressing) and 3D printing (followed by debinding), sintering (1200°C to 1350°C), grinding, polishing and thermal etching of HA and CaO-doped HA pellets. Characterization techniques like Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used and mechanical test for bulk and relative density, Vickers hardness and fracture toughness. Key findings include FTIR analysis confirming the effective removal of organic components and absence of impurities, establishing the feasibility of producing HA and CaO through calcination. XRD analysis revealed that sintering at 1300°C led to the presence of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), which disappears with an increase in CaO doping concentration to 5 wt%, indicating CaO’s role in enhancing thermal stability. EDX results showed that the 10 wt% CaO-doped HA had a Ca/P ratio of 1.68, near the stoichiometric value for HA, suggesting an optimal balance. Sintering at 1300°C yielded the highest densities (97.8%) in undopedHAand significant improvements in mechanical properties, including hardness (5.25 GPa) and fracture toughness (1.54