Effect of Doping Calcium Oxide Extracted from Eggshell on Hydroxyapatite Derived from Chicken Bone Food Waste

Ha, Yvonne Yah Wen (2024) Effect of Doping Calcium Oxide Extracted from Eggshell on Hydroxyapatite Derived from Chicken Bone Food Waste. Final Year Project (Bachelor), Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology.

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Abstract

The utilisation of calcium-based materials in the field of biomaterials and tissue engineering has witnessed significant interest in recent years. Hydroxyapatite (HA), a well-known bioceramic, derived from chicken bone waste, has demonstrated immense potential in various applications in the biomedical field. The mechanical properties of the HA derived from chicken bone may not be optimal for certain applications. Thus, a calcium oxide (CaO) dopant extracted from eggshell will be substituted into HA to observe its mechanical properties in this project. This study delves into the innovative approach of enhancing the properties of HA through the incorporation of CaO with different concentrations. The research involves the synthesis of CaO from eggshells, and HA from chicken bones through the calcination method. Furthermore, the effect of doping CaO into HA on the mechanical properties were also investigated. In order to examine the effects of CaO dopant on the HA, this study assesses the mechanical properties of undoped HA and CaOdoped HA with 1, 5, and 10 wt% concentrations obtained across a range of sintering temperatures from 1200 °C to 1350 °C. Comprehensive investigations such as Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), bulk and relative density measurement, Vickers microhardness tests, and fracture toughnesswere characterised. FTIR spectra depicted all the related characteristic peaks in HA samples. SEM illustrated the differences in surface morphology between the HA powder and sintered pellets in which there was grain growth when the sintering temperature increased, while decreased as the CaO concentration increased. EDX showed the Ca/P ratio of HA. The study revealed that incorporation of CaO into HA does not necessarily enhance its mechanical performance. According to the characterizations conducted, undoped HA exhibited optimal performance at a sintering temperature of 1300 °C which achieved highest relative density, Vickers microhardness, and fracture toughness measuring at 98.45%, 4.94 GPa, 1.457