Ultrasound-assisted Extraction and Maceration Extraction of Three Plants and Antimicrobial Effect on Oral Bacteria

Hee, Ying Ying (2018) Ultrasound-assisted Extraction and Maceration Extraction of Three Plants and Antimicrobial Effect on Oral Bacteria. Final Year Project (Bachelor), Tunku Abdul Rahman University College.

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Abstract

There is now more evidence that shows the interconnection of caries and periodontal diseases to more serious general health problems. Many dental care products such as toothpastes and mouthwashes contain therapeutic agents such as fluoride for better maintenance of oral health. The use of fluoride is controversial as increased exposure has undesirable side effects. Phytochemicals can be used as an additional prevertive and therapeutic approach in oral hygiene and health. Ursolic acid is a triterpenoid compound in plants with wide spectrum of biological activities. Rosemary and Basil are common herb spices that have a variety of culinary and medicinal properties. Vernonia cinerea L. is a widely distributed, inconspicuous plant used as folklore medicine. This study aims to compare two extraction methods and the antibacterial effect on oral bacteria. In addition, the extracts will be analysed to detect the presence of ursolic acid. Vernonia Cinerea L., Ocimum basilicum, Rosmarinus officinalis were extracted using ultrasound-assisted and maceration extraction. From the two extraction methods, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) on the total dry weight extracted from each plant sample. The antibacterial activities of extracts (10 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL) were tested on isolates cultured from the mouth of three individuals. Zones of inhibition were compared and Rosmarinus officinalis extract was effective against the tested isolates at concentration 10 mg/mL with highest mean 13.333±2.517 mm of inhibition zone. The bacteria obtained from oral swab were identified as Staphyloococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. The extracts were found to be effective in inhibiting Gram positive bacteria. The HPLC analysis showed that ursolic acid was present only in Rosmarinus officinalis and maceration gave higher yield.