Bio-Waste Based Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications

Lim, Ignatius Yuze (2021) Bio-Waste Based Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications. Final Year Project (Bachelor), Tunku Abdul Rahman University College.

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Abstract

This project had employed hydrothermal synthesis and microwave-assisted method on eggshell based calcium precursor with trisodium citrate modifier to synthesise the biocompatible and bioactive hydroxyapatite (HA) bioceramic. This project evaluated the suitability of the abundant eggshell waste as a source of calcium for the synthesis of (HA), as well as the ability of the environmentally friendly trisodium citrate to control the characteristics of the resulting powder via hydrothermal and microwave-assisted methods. It also investigated the effect of citrate to calcium (Cit/Ca) molar ratio and the synthesis temperature of hydrothermal and microwave synthesis methods, on the properties of HA derived from eggshells, including morphology and size, phase purity, as well as hardness and Ca/P ratio after sintering. Hydroxyapatite powder with high HA phase purity and crystallinity were successfully synthesised via hydrothermal method at 180°C and microwave method at 120°C, which forms high-density sintered pellets with high hardness (3.98 GPa and 3.76 GPa respectively) after sintering. Trisodium citrate had also exhibited its ability to prevent agglomeration and promote rod-shaped morphology with small crystallite sizes that forms highly porous sintered pellets. After sintering, the Ca/P ratio of the samples revolves around 1.33, which is close to that of octacalcium phosphate (OCW). The main objective of this project were achieved, which are to synthesise hydroxyapatite via the hydrothermal method and microwave method and to investigate the effects of processing parameters on the properties of hydroxyapatite.